Can STDs Cause Infertility in Men and Women?

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are often talked about in terms of immediate symptoms and treatment. However, when left untreated, some STIs can lead to serious long-term health complications, including infertility and reproductive issues. Whether you're planning for the future or seeking a better understanding of your health, it's essential to know how certain infections can affect your reproductive system. The medical professionals at Affinity Urgent Care are here to explain how STIs can affect fertility in both men and women and why early detection is key to protecting your reproductive health.

STIs and Reproductive Health

STIs spread through sexual contact and can affect anyone, regardless of gender or relationship status. While STIs can cause symptoms such as abnormal discharge, itching, or pain, others may go unnoticed for months or even years. Without testing and treatment, asymptomatic STIs can cause internal damage to reproductive organs that may not be discovered until a person tries to conceive.

How STIs Can Lead to Infertility

In women or people assigned female at birth, untreated STIs can spread from the cervix to the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries, leading to a condition called pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). PID causes inflammation, scarring, blockages, damage to reproductive organs, and increased risk of chronic pelvic pain, ectopic pregnancy, and infertility.

In men or individuals assigned male at birth, STIs can cause inflammation of the testicles, epididymis (the tube that stores and carries sperm), or urethra. Over time, this can reduce sperm quality, block the passage of sperm, or cause chronic pain and swelling. Infections like chlamydia or gonorrhea are among the leading causes of male infertility.

Common STIs That May Impact Fertility

Here are some of the most common STIs that can affect reproductive health if left untreated:

• Chlamydia – Often asymptomatic, chlamydia is a leading cause of infertility in both men and women. It can damage the reproductive organs if left unaddressed, but early treatment is highly effective.

• Gonorrhea – Like chlamydia, gonorrhea may not show symptoms and can silently harm fertility by damaging the reproductive tract. Prompt treatment can prevent long-term complications.

• Syphilis – Though not typically linked to infertility, untreated syphilis can pose serious risks during pregnancy, including miscarriage, stillbirth, or congenital syphilis, a condition that can cause severe health problems in newborns.

• Human papillomavirus (HPV) – While HPV does not directly cause infertility, certain strains can lead to cervical cell changes that may require surgical treatments, which can sometimes affect fertility or pregnancy outcomes. The HPV vaccine is a safe and effective way to protect against the most harmful strains of the virus and reduce the risk of cervical cancer.

• HIV – Untreated HIV can impact immune function and general health, which in turn may affect fertility. With proper treatment, many people living with HIV can conceive safely.

Signs You Should Get Tested

Because many STIs don’t cause noticeable symptoms, regular screening is crucial. However, you should immediately seek testing if you experience symptoms such as:

• Abnormal discharge

• Testicular swelling or tenderness

• Irregular bleeding

• Pelvic or abdominal pain

• Pain during intercourse

• Painful urination

Even if you feel fine, getting tested after unprotected sex or between partners is a smart way to protect your health. Here are some proactive steps you can take:

• Get routine screenings – STI testing is essential, especially if you’re sexually active with new or multiple partners.

• Practice safer sex – Use condoms and other protective methods to reduce the risk of transmission.

• Treat promptly – Complete your full course of treatment, even if symptoms go away, to prevent long-term health issues.

• Encourage partner testing – Make sure both you and your partner are tested and treated to support each other’s health.

With early STI testing, timely treatment, and open conversations with your provider, you can stay safe, protect your long-term well-being, and reduce the risk of infertility.

Reach Out to Affinity Urgent Care

If you’re due for an STI screening or have concerns about exposure, schedule an appointment with Affinity Urgent Care today. We provide confidential STI testing and treatment in La Marque, Galveston, and Alvin, Texas, and we are here to support your health and wellness.